星期四, 7月 07, 2005

Secret in North-westhern China

去年(2004年)夏天,我跟隨一扶貧探訪團到甘肅。在當地兩個半小時的顛簸車程中,我訪問了香港樂施會中國項目幹事(環境)丁文廣博士。他是一位曾留學加拿大的回族,曾在政府部門從事扶貧工作,由於無法認同中國官僚的腐敗,所以轉而在樂施會工作。
  除了談及其理念外,也談及許多其他問題,例如回教(他們不喜歡用回教這稱呼,而希望稱伊斯蘭教,因為他們覺得回教這稱呼是窄化了,是因為回族信所以稱回教,但回教並不是只是回族的宗教,此話是另一位受訪者,蘭州穆斯林文化教育促進會秘書長擺生義所說)的問題、回教在中國的情況等等。從言談中,雖然他也贊賞中共的民族政策,但給我的感覺是,他還是比較喜歡國民政府時期對回教及少數民族的信任(當然他本身並沒經歷過國民政府時期,因為他才四十幾歲)。他也提到中共在文革時對回教的不尊重,例如強迫回民養豬,對他們傷害很大。  
  在甘肅問了一些回教界人士關於回教的許多爭議性問題,他們當然都說是外界對回教有誤解。例如回教與恐怖主義的關係,有一位人士說只是因為那些恐怖份子都把伊斯蘭的名字放上去,其實那不是真正的伊斯蘭教,伊斯蘭是愛好和平的。
  至於阿富汗塔利班不尊重女性,他們的解釋是這也不是回教的錯,而是各種不同種族/部落的不好的傳統,是種族因素,不是回教因素。他還說回教可蘭經明確表示尊重女性,而且女性也可分遺產,說明回教是尊重女性的。
  但我無意中看到一篇文章(在某伊斯蘭刊物上),提到回教確實是有規定女性也可分遺產,但只能分得男性的一半。況且其他宗教只是沒有提到這些分遺產是否女性也有的分,並不表示其他宗教不尊重女性。當然在一千多年前可蘭經就有提到女性可分遺產,雖然比男性分得少,確實也是應該肯定它是進步的,我們應該以當時的情況來看待,比較公平。
  至於回教為何總是與落後連成一塊,他們說也不是回教之因,而是因為回教地區大部份都是在自然環境比較差的地方。他還說幾百年前回教的科技、文化是如何的發達。
  不過,回教令我想到的是共產主義。也許回教真的沒有錯,而且也有這麼多的信徒(據說已是世界最大宗教),確實有他的吸引力。但如果一種理念是這麼容易的被人歪曲來做一些壞事(像共產主義,也曾經是風靡半個地球),儘管它本身可能並不壞,但它是不是真的是理想的,確實是值得商榷的。  
  擺生義和丁文廣都對馬哈迪有很高的評價,認為他將馬來西亞治理得很好,是穆斯林學習的典範。擺生義則提到漢人歧視回民之事,並舉出馬來西亞華人將馬來人稱為「巫人」的例子。
  在一次的探訪貧困戶活動中,一位當地人大代表和婦聯主任也有參與,丁文廣問政府的扶貧活動辦得怎樣,該代表說因為人太多,區域太廣,所以無法全面照顧到。丁後來以英語跟我們說這番話,指該代表講的是官話。有一位團友感覺到,那些婦聯的主任替不諳漢語的居民翻譯時,好像都不是原話,而是自己的話。
  丁文廣說,他很熟悉中國的情況,知道裡面的運作,所以選合作伙伴時也有一套,之所以選婦聯會,是因為它雖然還是官方機構,但是比其他例如扶貧辦等來得好。丁文廣也說了一些貪官的事,例如甘肅的幾位省位書記都有問題。他還說,一位縣委書記上任時,「賀禮」就達五十萬,其中有四大貢獻部門,包括財政廳、教育廳、扶貧辦等。
2005/7/7

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